Periodontal disease is not a cosmetic issue, it is a health issue. Topics covered range from microbial pathogenic factors of p. The purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge relating to the pathogenesis of. Frontiers chemokine function in periodontal disease and. Learn more about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Feb 01, 2001 causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease kinane, denis f. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease represents a new concept in periodontology with its pronounced focus on understanding through knowledge rather than presenting the present valid answers. Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth the gingiva, bone and periodontal ligament, which could lead to tooth. This correlation may be dependent on oral health status.
After recognition and presentation of microbes to the appropriate cells, cytokines of the innate response, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin1beta and interleukin6, are the first to appear in the periodontal disease pathogenesis pathways. This book aims to provide clinicians with a refined understanding of the biology that underlies periodontal. The periodontal disease is conformed by a group of illnesses affecting the gums and dental. Measurement of interleukin1 alpha and1 beta in gingival crevicular fluid. It is important to keep in mind that the finding of a positive correlation between the presence of a malocclusion and periodontal disease does not necessarily mean causation. Nonspecific gingivitis is a reversible inflammation of the gums adjacent to the teeth that is caused by presence of bacterial plaque. Veterinary periodontal disease introduction periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease of adult dogs. Periodontal health and disease fdi world dental federation. Use the link below to share a fulltext version of this article with your friends and colleagues. It is a progressive, cyclical inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth and is the main cause of dental disease and early tooth loss in dogs and cats. White paper on prevention and management of periodontal diseases for oral health and general health. Owing to the scope of this research, the pathogenesis of periodontal disease is. The periodontal diseases reflect a spectrum of oral pathology from gingivitis gum inflammation to severe periodontitis progressive loss of gum attachment with alveolar bone and tooth loss. New knowledge of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Periodontal disease is the scientific name used to describe gum disease. If you have been told you have periodontal gum disease, youre not alone. Sep 27, 2017 periodontal disease, or periodontitis, is a globally widespread pathology of the human oral cavity. Subjects with greater malocclusion have more severe periodontal disease. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing. According to merriam websters collegiate dictionary, the word pathogenesis is defined as the origination and development of a disease. Advances in research over recent years have led to a fundamental change in our understanding of the periodontal diseases. Periodontal disease is more common with cigarette smoking, obesity, and diabetes, and it affects about 75% of the adult population in the united states, with about 20% to 30% of adults having severe forms.
Periodontal disease, or gum disease, is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disorders that affect the tissues surrounding the teeth fig. The condition you may refer to as gum disease also is called periodontal disease. In recent years there has been considerable interest in possible links between periodontal disease and systemic diseases. It is a stepbystep process that leads to the development of a disease, resulting in a series of changes in the structure and function. Periodontal disease and atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis. Further research is needed to explore and establish causality between periodontal diseases and other. Periodontal disease is the second most common cause of tooth loss second to dental caries in scotland. There are also problems in knowing whether particular bacteria associated with a diseased site contributed to the cause or are there because the disease created a favorable environment. The estimates were logtransformed before conducting the analyses. Epidemiology is the study of health and disease in populations and of how these states are influenced by biology, heredity, and physical and social environment, as well as personal behavior. Pathogenesis of periodontal disease is strongly influenced by the interplay of hostparasite interaction as well as the host response to the irritating factor. Pdf causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Causal theory and the etiology of periodontal diseases. In summary, evidence from observational data suggests that there is a small positive association between periodontal disease and cvd. Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease kinane. Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. Pdf causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease denis. Infectious complications of dental and periodontal diseases. Periodontal disease pd is one of the most ubiquitous diseases of mankind, considered to be. Their data suggested that cellmediated immunity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease 14. Gingivitis, microbial biofilm, periodontal disease, pathogenesis introduction microbial biofilm is generally considered to be an etiologic factor for the diseases of the periodontium and has been and continues to be the main focus of avid periodontal researchers socransky and haffajee, 1994. Jan 18, 2018 these elevated markers have clear association with vascular disease, so treatment of periodontal disease may theoretically have an impact on cad and ischemic cns disease. Therefore, periodontitis is the most severe and important kind of the periodontal diseases. The fundamental processes involved in the causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease will be.
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease that can usually be reversed with daily brushing and flossing, and regular cleaning by a dentist or dental hygienist. It is generally accepted that periodontitis is initiated. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Periodontal disease is a candidate risk factor that shares many of these related traits. An appraisal of the role of specific bacteria in the. Periodontitis results from a complex interplay between chronic bacterial infection and the inflammatory host response, leading to irreversible destruction of toothsupporting tissues, with tooth loss as a common end point. We have no conflict of interest related to this work. Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth the gingiva, bone and periodontal ligament, which could lead to tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation. The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases is mediated by the inflammatory response to bacteria in the dental biofilm fig. Each of these diseases requires specif ic strate gies for pre vention and treatment. A separate analysis was conducted for the prospective and retrospective studies included in this work. Periodontal disease is the result of com plex interrelationships between infectious agents and host factors 3, and is modulated through multiple factors including genetics, smoking, general. Pathogenesis of periodontal diseases biological concepts.
Periodontal disease and diabetes what is periodontal disease. In gingivitis, the gums become red, swollen and can bleed easily. Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis tulay yucellindberg and tove bage periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium involving interactions between bacterial products, numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators. Adjunctive treatment modalities are also addressed in the book. Aug 15, 2016 in summary, evidence from observational data suggests that there is a small positive association between periodontal disease and cvd.
The etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Chapter 2 causes, pathogenesis, and characteristics. Dec 16, 2012 epidemiology is the study of health and disease in populations and of how these states are influenced by biology, heredity, and physical and social environment, as well as personal behavior. Association between periodontal disease and stroke. After that the bacterial activation of immuno inflammatory mechanisms, environmental. Effects of malocclusions and orthodontics on periodontal. Review article risk factors of periodontal disease.
Global periodontal health fdi world dental federation. The term periodontal disease in its strictest sense refers to both gingivitis and periodontitis. Pathogenesis of periodontal diseases pdf ammedicine. To analyse evidence for established thought that specific bacteria directly participate in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and question the longheld tenet that penetration of the periodontal connective tissues by bacteria and their products is a significant.
Clinically, during periodontitis, the epithelium migrates along the radicular surface, with insertion loss, increased pocket depth, and bone crest loss, which can lead to tooth loss 15, 16. However, major advances regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the induction. To understand the importance of the interactions between plaque bacteria and host defence mechanisms in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Chronic adult periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. Masada m p, persson r, kenney j s, lee s w, page r c, allison a c. Periodontal disease is a complex, multifactorial disease that occurs in periodontal tissue 8, and most studies on the causes of periodontal diseases have mainly focused on the dominant bacteria. Health and medicine copyright 2019 porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontal diseases should be considered systemic conditions. In periodontology, the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis are related but tend to be described separately, and although the clinical and histological changes that occur are well known, the details of. Aljehani dental health department, college of applied medical sciences, k ing saud university, p. The staging of periodontal disease pathogenesis as initial, early, established and advanced lesions productively guided subsequent research in the field and remains fundamentally valid. Knowledge of how immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses are regulated is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of complex diseases, such as periodontitis. In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out. Introduction pathogenesis is defined as the origination and development of a disease.
Periodontal gum disease is an infection of the tissues that hold teeth in place. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease kinane, denis f. Care should be ex ercised inferring causation from odds ratios. Periodontal disease historical and contemporary hypothesis. Association between periodontal disease and stroke journal. Hirsch, yiqiong xie, robert delarosa, pooja maney, gabriella pridjian and pierre buekens, periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for the development of diabetes in women with a prior history of gestational diabetes mellitus, journal of public health dentistry, 73, 1, 4149, 2012. Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontal disease in. The role of the microbial biofilm in the pathogenesis of. Chronic usage of synthetic chemicals and antibiotics is limited by undesired adverse events to the host. Risk factors therefore are part of the causal chain for a particular disease or can. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen, red, and may bleed.
Understanding periodontal pathogenesis is key to improving management strategies for this common, complex disease. These deposits can be readily visualised with vegetable or synthetic dyes in disclosing solutions, and can become calci. Gum periodontal disease causes, symptoms, diagnosis. Periodontal diseases as bacterial infection introduction the term infection is used to refer to the presence and multiplication of microorganisms in the body 1. An overview of etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. With respect to periodontal disease, dental plaque biof ilm demonstrates a succession of microbial colonization with changes in bacterial flora observ ed from health to disease. However, a clear cause and effect relationship has not been demonstrated between treatment of periodontal disease and improvement of atherosclerotic diseases or outcomes. Periodontal disease, or periodontitis, is a globally widespread pathology of the human oral cavity. Kinane and others published causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate.
Informational paper the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of the gum caused by a formation of a plaque that triggers immune responses and inflammation leading to the destruction of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. Peri fundamental processes involved in the causation odontitis involves the destruction of the supporting and pathogenesis of periodontal disease will be re. The association of coronary heart disease and periodontal disease may be due to an underlying response trait, which places an individual. The periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and can affect up to 90% of the worldwide population. S tories often appear in the news about the association between oral healthspecifically gum disease and overall health conditions, such as diabetes or stroke. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease cvd cardiovascular disease cvd is a common cause of death, accounting for 29% of deaths worldwide. Additionally, any compelling information could help develop new diagnostic tools and therapy strategies for prevention, host modulation and treatment of the disease. Clearly, periodontitis histopathological appearance of the periodontal is the most significant of these diseases because it tissues and disease susceptibility. Pdf models of periodontal pathogenesis semantic scholar. The other, more serious, form of gum disease is called. Although the causal relations between pd and systemic. The functional and esthetic problems associated with these diseases compromise quality of life, and their treatment imposes large financial burdens on national health systems and private patients. Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting.
Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease enlighten. The bacteriology of periodontal disease in children has received very little study. Models of periodontal pathogenesis pushpa latha t1, satyanarayana d2, rajababu p3, vikram reddy g4 abstract. Dental plaque is a biofilm which is the prime etiological factor in the causation of oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Periodontal health and cardiovascular disease risk. This concept of periodontal pathogenesis was recently. The first challenge is to understand exactly what is meant by the term pathogenesis. Jan 01, 2016 a model of the pathogenesis of periodontitis based on systems biology approaches should allow investigators to better communicate the interrelatedness of various biologic components involved in the initiation and resolution of disease. Pathogenesis is the sequence of events leading to the occurrence of a disease. New knowledge of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease antonio bascones, md, dds, phdvjorge gamonal, dds, phdmaria gomez, phdv augusto silva, phdvmiguel angel gonzalez, md, dds, the aim ot this study was to evaiuate the relationship between tbe accumulation of interleukins il1. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease kinane, d. Relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health.
Biological concepts for clinicians pdf author nagihan bostanci isbn 3319537350 file size 1. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease request pdf. The last 10 to 15 years have seen the emergence of several important new findings and concepts regarding the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Though gingivitis is localized to only the gingiva without destroying periodontal. Early histopathological observations described linear model of pathogenesis in periodontal disease. After that the bacterial activation of immuno inflammatory mechanisms, environmental and genetic factors modified the clinical phenotype of periodontal disease which led to the formulation of nonlinear conceptual models. Indeed, approximately 10% of the global adult population is highly vulnerable to severe. Periodontal disease is however both preventable and treatable if appropriate and timely management is undertaken. The two most prevalent and most investigated periodontal diseases are dental plaqueinduced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis.
Pathogenesis and treatment of periodontitis intechopen. Concepts of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The various hypothesis has been developed explaining the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are among the most common infectious diseases in humans, and the primary cause of tooth loss in adults. New data would help understand the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and would directly impact the treatment options and prognosis.
Two distinct types of disease of the periodontium are of interest in older humans. It is a stepbystep process that leads to the development of a disease, resulting in a series of changes. Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes komine. The relationship between periodontal disease and stroke was assessed using the rr for prospective studies and or for retrospective studies. Periodontal disease and systemic complications scielo. Jun 22, 2017 periodontal disease initiation and propagation is through a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiota dental plaque, which then interacts with the immune defences of the host, leading to. Mechanistic studies and clinical trials with cvd risk factors as outcomes are consistent with the hypothesis that periodontal disease may cause cvd. Although no causal association was proven, there is an association between chronic. Periodontal disease is a group of illnesses located in the gums and dental support structures ligament and alveolar bone and are produced by certain bacteria. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf. Pathogenesis of periodontal disease flashcards quizlet. It may form on teeth, mucosa or other solid surfaces. Connections between the diseases in the periodontium and general health are described in detail. Request pdf causal theory and the etiology of periodontal diseases causal theory and causal models have proven to be helpful in understanding the multifactorial causation of many diseases.
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